Jacksonian Era Essays - Second Party System, Andrew Jackson

Jacksonian Era Jacksonian Era The Jackson democrats attempted to amplify the strength of lower classes' poor, while decreasing the influence of the rich and powerful. Economically, they benefited from governing during a time of leading advances in transportation, which boosted commerce and helped the common man. Politically, they invested power into an overwhelmingly powerful executive branch. The Jacksonian democrats portrayed themselves as saviors of the common people and ruled via a powerful executive who attempted to destroy aristocracy in America. However, they were atypically wealthy, supported equality between white men only, enacted disastrous economic policies and disregarded the capability of the federal government. Further, they did not introduce democracy in America, rather merely used it and benefited from it. During the first half of the 19th century numerous advancements enhanced the growth of the United States. A market revolution occurred as a yeoman and cash crop agriculture and capitalist manufacturing replaced artisan economy. Despite the prosperity, a split was emerging between the industrializing urban north, rural South, and the expanding West. The Jacksonians passed the Tariff of 1828, which opened opportunity for western agriculture and New England manufacturing, but was detrimental to the South. Andrew Jackson and Jacksonian democrats believed that the US bank placed too much control into the hands of a wealthy few. Due to this fact, Jackson vetoed the bank's recharter in 1832. In attempt to benefit the lower, working classes, he placed the federal money in "pet" state banks. This attempt destabilized the national currency, decreased currency in markets, and displayed favoritism in Jacksonian policies. Like most Jacksonian economic policies it failed and the reduction in currency spread inflation which the Treasury Act of 1840 could not stop. Jacksonians tried to assist whites through economic policies but failed. Foreign observers viewed that in America, every man is free and independent, but there was great division in American attitude. Disturbances and insurrections broke out across the country by minorities, because they were not helped by egalitarian efforts which were focused on white males. Jackson's hypocrisy and cruelty in his Indian removal practices (after his decisive victory at Horseshoe Bend, Alabama, March 1814) showed the non-universal principles held by the democrats. Fearful of angering Southern voters, Jacksonians veered away from extending egalitarian policies to slaves. Women received little improvement. Although viewed as defenders of all common men, Jacksonian democrats shunned minorities and only assisted white men. Andrew Jackson was the first president to fully utilize the powers of the executive branch and establish it as an equal, if not superior branch. Henry Clay viewed Jackson as dictatorial and unconstitutional and persuaded the Congress to discipline him in 1834, but Jacksonian propaganda continued to portray Jackson as a common man. Jacksonian democrats did not sustain three separate and equal branches of government, as Constitutionally required. Jacksonians were strict constitutionalists, vetoing the Maysville Road Bill because it did not benefit the whole country and it eliminated the bank. However, they also participated in the passionate nationalism prevailing at the time. Contrary to Calhoun and South Carolina's reassertion of the confederation principles of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, Jacksonians believed in a firm union. In the compromise Tariff of 1832, they reduced the previous tariffs, but also included a Force Bill, which authorized the President to use arms to collect dues in South Carolina. Jacksonians were tough nationalists in foreign affairs too, almost going to war with France in 1835 upon failure to pay its debt. They also were instrumental in dramatically increasing the electorate and encouraging participation in the political process. Jacksonian democrats were above all outstanding propagandists. They were able to portray themselves as defenders of the common man, while they usually tended to be wealthy and 'common man' appointees were often inefficient and corrupt. They also tried to further reform movements but ended up decreasing economic opportunity. Although often supporters of states' rights and individuality (i.e. the bank issue), they also were strong nationalists (i.e. South Carolina nullification). Jacksonians strived to preserve the unifying principles that the Constitution contained, but acted in contempt of it when they asserted the overwhelming power of the executive branch. Jacksonian democracy did allow more people to vote than ever before and made government more directly responsible to the people. Finally, they established a strong executive, directly responsible to the people, and increased faith in government. Overall, Jacksonians honestly attempted to help common Americans.

Minuscule vs. Miniscule

Minuscule vs. Miniscule Minuscule vs. Miniscule Minuscule vs. Miniscule By Maeve Maddox When a reader kindly pointed out that I’d misspelled minuscule in a post, my first reaction was puzzlement. I’d written about â€Å"a miniscule difference,† meaning â€Å"a tiny difference.† I spelled the word the way I pronounce it: min-i-SKYOOL. On the other hand, the term minuscule is in my vocabulary. I know that Carolingian minuscule is a type of rounded script developed in the court of Charlemagne. When I learned the word in that context, I was taught to pronounce it mi-NUHS-kyool. I was being what Charles Elster (The Big Book of Beastly Mispronunciations) would call a dimbulb: [O]nly a dimbulb would intentionally write miniscule. Note: Elster devotes more than two pages to a rant against miniscule and the many â€Å"apathetic and squiffy-eyed† dictionary editors who accept it as a variant spelling of minuscule. The spelling miniscule appears as early as the 1880s on the Ngram Viewer, but doesn’t show a rise until the 1930s, peaking in 1980 and then descending. The OED has a separate entry for miniscule (noun and adjective), and includes citations from the late 19th and early 20th century: The miniscule is the prevailing character in the Latin manuscript of the ninth century. - American Encyclopedia of Printing, 1871. The letters of the inscription are all miniscules, with the exception of the monogram. - Antiquary (a monthly antiquarian magazine published from 1880-1915 in London and New York), 1908. The legend is in Roman capitals of a debased type, with a tendency to the miniscule form. - Archaeologia Cambrensis, 1874. Each of the text letters already named has its own lower case or ‘miniscule’ letters. - John Southward, Modern Printing (a British publication), 1898. I am not trying to make a case for the spelling miniscule. I’m just pointing out that it has been out there for many years. Judging by the word’s precipitate drop on the Ngram Viewer in the 1980s, it seems that people are getting the message that minuscule is the spelling to use in any context. Although some dictionaries may be wishy-washy about the matter, my two style guides agree that minuscule is the only correct spelling: The Chicago Manual of Style minuscule. Something that is minuscule is â€Å"very small.† Probably because of the spelling of the modern word mini (and the prefix of the same spelling, which is recorded only from 1936), it is often misspelled miniscule (which is treated as a variant in some dictionaries). The AP Style Book minuscule Not miniscule. Note: When I wrote an email asking that the spelling be changed in the post, the Google email application automatically changed miniscule to minuscule. The Word spell checker, on the other hand, permits it to pass unchallenged. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Greek Words You Should Knowâ€Å"As Well As† Does Not Mean â€Å"And†Preposition Mistakes #1: Accused and Excited

Riblets and Tripwires and their role in reducing drag over underwater Essay

Riblets and Tripwires and their role in reducing drag over underwater aerofoils - Essay Example Their optimal specifications, mechanism of functioning and potential applications for drag reduction over underwater aerofoils have also been dealt with. Riblets and tripwires In case of underwater vehicles, fluid mechanical drag (hydrodynamic drag) reduces the speed with which they travel through water. For a specific limit of engine power, the maximum speed that can be attained by the vehicle is drastically reduced due to the formation of eddies very close to the surface of the vehicle. Apart from this, another source of hydrodynamic drag is the development of pressure drag due to laminar flow at the boundary layers. Riblets can be used to reduce the formation of eddies near the surface of the vehicle, while tripwires can be used to reduce the pressure drag and induce turbulence at the boundary layers. Riblets: These are minute grooves, longitudinally placed on the surface of a vehicle or airfoil, and are in alignment with the direction of flow. They â€Å"have been shown by Walsh and Lindemann [1984] at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Reidy and Anderson [1988] at the Naval Ocean Systems Center (NOSC) to produce as much as 8 percent turbulent flow drag reduction on flat plates†.1 Studies on â€Å"fully submerged axisymmetric bodies†1 conducted by Beauchamp and Philips [1986 and 1987], have shown that the use of riblets reduces skin friction by seven percent.1 Tripwires: Tripwires, also known as turbulators, are thin wires that are attached at the hull of a vehicle or at the nose of a submarine or aircraft. These are used to â€Å"trip† or disturb the boundary layer and introduce turbulence, thereby reducing pressure drag. These are â€Å"one of the oldest and most used methods of turbulence stimulation†.2 1. Mechanism To comprehend the mechanism of functioning of riblets and tripwires, it is essential to understand the types of drag imposed on a vehicle and the process of their induction. The total drag experienced by a body, includes a combination of pressure and friction. The frictional drag can be reduced by using smooth surfaces. However, studies have shown that this form of drag is further reduced with the help of riblets. The boundary layer of flow around a vehicle can be distinguished into three parts, â€Å"a relatively small viscous sublayer, the middle buffer layer and the logarithmic layer†.3 The riblets that are used to reduce drag â€Å"extend into the buffer layer. With this kind of riblets a drag reduction of about 8-10%† has been achieved. This is because the riblets restrain the movement of eddies, which are prevented from coming very close, within 50 microns, to the surface of the aircraft or vehicle. â€Å"By keeping the eddies this tiny distance away, the riblets prevent the eddies from transporting high-speed fluid close to the surface, where it decelerates and saps the aircraft's momentum†.4 To reduce the pressure drag over a vehicle, tri pwires are used. Pressure drag occurs when there is a â€Å"lack of pressure recovery on the back of the body, due to separation of the flow around the body†.5 This results from laminar flow in the boundary layer around the vehicle. By using tripwires, it is possible to induce turbulence in this laminar layer, thereby reducing pressure drag. 2. Optimal Specifications The extent of drag reduction is found to increase with the size of riblets. However, for very